Microsoft Environment Analysis Essay

Microsoft Environment Analysis Writing Assignment 1. What vulnerabilities exist for this workgroup LAN based on the advisories? List five of them. a. 2401593 CVE-2010-3213 b. 2264072 CVE-2010-1886* c. 980088 CVE-2010-0255 d. 975497 CVE-2009-3103 e. 98343 CVE-2010-0817* 2. Do any vulnerabilities involve privilege elevation? Is this considered a high priority issue? a. Only two from the five listed in question one are privileged elevation and identified by the asterisk alongside the CVE number. They are of importance but not considered a high priority issue as asked. 3. Identify and document at least three vulnerabilities and the solutions related to the client configurations. a. Advisory Number: 977981Â  a.i. Solution: This security update resolves four privately reported vulnerabilities and one publicly disclosed vulnerability in Internet Explorer. The vulnerabilities could allow remote code execution if a user views a specially crafted Web page using Internet Explorer. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights b. Advisory Number: 979352 b.i. Solution: This security update resolves seven privately reported vulnerabilities and one publicly disclosed vulnerability in Internet Explorer. The more severe vulnerabilities could allow remote code execution if a user views a specially crafted Web page using Internet Explorer. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights. c. Advisory Number: 954157 c.i. Solution: The update also removes the ability for this codec to be loaded when browsing the Internet with any other applications. By only allowing applications to use the Indeo codec when the media content is from the local system or from the intranet zone, and by preventing Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player from launching the codec at all, this update removes the most common remote attack vectors but still allows games or other applications that leverage the codec locally to continue to function. Works Cited Microsoft Security Advisory. (2009, December 8). Retrieved March 31, 2012, from Microsoft Security Adivosry 954157: web Microsoft Security Advisory. (2010, January 14). Retrieved March 31, 2012, from Microsoft Security Advisory 979352: web

The Outbreak of the HIV Virus, AIDS in 1980s

Who would have ever thought that a disease, possibly brought to America by infected African monkeys, would affect the country forever? This is exactly what happened in the late nineteenth century when the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was introduced to America. The unpredictable epidemic caused a huge outrage for years to come. The outbreak of the HIV virus, AIDS, in the early 1980†³s resulted in medical research, public misconceptions, and ultimately growing awareness. Appearing first only in homosexual men, AIDS was an unfamiliar virus to the entire United States. Reports of unknown and unexplainable symptoms caused much confusion among patients and even doctors. In 1981, the first reports explained that 41 homosexual men in the San Fransisco area had â€Å"†¦ a rare and often rapidly fatal form of cancer† (Altman n. p. ). After years of researching these cases and millions of others appearing later in the decade, scientists discovered that it was not cancer they were dealing with. They called it HIV (Human Immune Virus) which leads to AIDS (Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome) that â€Å"†¦ rogressively destroys the body†s ability to fight infections and certain cancers† (ARIC n. p. ). With minimal research there was nothing to initially â€Å"combat† the virus; but, thanks to time and funding, there were some drugs that seemed to help stop the spread of the virus in ones body. These anti-retroviral drugs still don't constitute as cures ! for the virus, but have definitely helped and continue to help patients live longer (ARIC n. p. ). Since a vaccine to â€Å"†¦ evoke an immune system response that will prevent infection or disease development† still has not been found, other treatments have been tested. Accupuncture, stress management, hypnosis, exercise, good nutrition, and an overall positive attitude all seem to alleviate symptoms even if they are not proven cures of the virus (Packer 78-88). Although AIDS is a life threatening disease, there were many people living with it by keeping healthy and staying safe. Scott Fried had not tried any of the aniviral drugs; however, practices such as taking 80 herbs and vitamins a day, staying physically fit, visiting the doctor every three months, and being happy have kept him alive with the virus for thirteen years (Fried speach). Most victims have not lived as long as he which is why AIDS has lead to some extensive research. Investigators supported by private and public funds continued to search for a cure or even an explanation of HIV/AIDS for two decades because like the â€Å"b! lack plague†, AIDS has killed off millions of people in a short time. Also like the black plague did, AIDS carried with it a long string of misconceptions. In the Middle Ages anyone carrying the â€Å"black plague† was to be avoided. Similarly, the public would often avoid people with AIDS. There were fabrications that AIDS could be caught by another human being from sneezing, coughing, hugging, kissing or even any â€Å"casual contact† ; so, people stayed away from those who were infected by AIDS. Another lie was that AIDS was caused by something magical or mystical (Taylor 23-24). Though some were overly careful of â€Å"catching† the virus, others were not careful enough. Since the initial outbreak was among gay men it was simply assumed that only gay men could be affected. Then reports of IV drug users having the disease still seemed to eliminate the chance of the common person being infected. Next, hemophiliacs and people who had had blood transfusions were reported followed by blacks, Hispanics, lesbians, straight women and finally white, heterosexual, males. Still everyone said â€Å"It can†t happen to me,† until it did (Fried speech). This assumption that AIDS only affected few amounts of people and only minorities was the basis of all misconceptions about that virus. People did not believe the virus could have any impact on their lives; but, it did impact everyones lives directly and or indirectly. Now that â€Å"AIDS is the second leading cause of death in the United States among people aged 25 to 44†³ (ARIC n. p. ), the misconceptions have been proven to be false. Although it was statistically correct that 66% of people infected by AIDS were homosexual males, 24% were IV drug users, and only 4% were heterosexual males or females (Packer 17) it was still a fact that AIDS can affect anyone. After years of research and statistical reports there were finally people relaying these messages to the public. Motivational speakers, like Scott Fried, continue to reach out to teens and adults about AIDS and sex. Information about these subjects can also be found easily, not only at hospitals or doctors† offices; but in books, magazines, pamphlets, and even on the internet. Conducting a simple search on http://www. yahoo. com came up with 164 â€Å"category matches,† 1,206 â€Å"web site matches,† and 237,000 web page matches. This means that HIV/AIDS appears at least 238,370 times on th! e world wide web and it shows that AIDS in an important component of modern life. Not only are people becoming aware of the AIDS epidemic, but they are becoming aware of sexuality through learning about AIDS. Before the outbreak of this fatal virus sex was only spoken about discretely. Now even kids are being made aware of the dangers of sex and spreading HIV. In this way HIV/AIDS had a positive affect on the country. People are aware of the facts and probably make better decisions. Some experts have said that AIDS will remain the way it is now and others predict it growing into a â€Å"huge epidemic† (Taylor 28). Hopefully due to this expansion of knowledge and recognition, he AIDS virus will not spread as quickly and infect as many people as it has in the past. HIV positive, homosexual, male, Scott Fried, said, â€Å"Ironically one of the blessings that HIV/AIDS has brought me is the abundance of love. . . † and perhaps that is true. Pertaining to the eighties and the early onset of the virus, AIDS caused much more commotion than love. However, every cloud has a silver lining and the hysteria has finally cleared up some myths. It has opened up the public to not only HIV/AIDS awareness, but sexual cognizance as well.

2012 Budget Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

2012 Budget Proposal - Research Paper Example Such cut-and-invest agenda would create winners and big losers because the President’s budget proposal presumes using the money from some domestic programs to reduce the deficits and increase spending for education, clean energy, infrastructure, innovation and research in order to promote long-term economic growth and global competitiveness of the United States. Definitely, there are certain differences between the Presidents FY 2012 budget proposal and The House of Representatives FY 2012 budget proposal, which will be discussed further in the current paper. President Obama emphasized that the administration needs to construct a new foundation for long-term economic growth with pillars necessary to win in the world economy. Such pillars include an educated and skilled workforce, cutting-edge research into the innovations to power the industries of tomorrow, a modern infrastructure to support a growing, high-tech economy, and the jobs to support a growing middle class. As a re sult, Americans now face a monumental choice about the future of their country. The Republican response toward the President’s call for economic changes came in April, when Representative Paul D. Ryan of Wisconsin announced 2012 budget of his party. The main three purposes of The House of Representatives FY 2012 budget proposal is to (a) lift the crushing burden of debt; (b) guarantee health and retirement security for all Americans, especially seniors; and (c) strengthen the base of economic growth and creation of the jobs (Becker, 2011). Paul Ryan informed that the plan would reduce the deficit by $5.8 trillion over the next decade. It can be accomplished due to deep cuts in discretionary spending programs and turning Medicare into a "defined benefit, under which seniors would get vouchers to purchase private insurance. Medicaid would get smaller as the federal contribution to state

Marketing Activities of Long Beach Seafood Restaurant Essay

Marketing Activities of Long Beach Seafood Restaurant - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the Long Beach seafood restaurant is believed to be quite well known for its exceptional offerings of different seafood to its customers. The restaurant is located on the East Coast Parkway and the other divisions of it are located in different places including Marina, East Coast Seafood Centre along with IMM Building in Singapore. The restaurant was founded in the year 1946 with its earliest division at Bedok Resthouse and delivered various seafood items to the various customer segments of Singapore including both domestic and international customers. The Long Beach restaurant is known to be quite popular for its unique offering of black pepper crabs in Singapore and is also renowned for its exceptional seafood offerings of Drunken Prawns along with various types of uncooked seafood. Moreover, the BBQ Golden Phoenix fish, Crispy Duck along with the signature dishes such as Golden Stripe Lobster were few of the most well-liked dishes of Long Beach during t he 1980s followed by House Speciality Prawn and other seafood items during the period of 1990s. The study intends to discuss the different information sources of analyzing the business environment of the food & beverage industry as well as situational analysis of Long Beach Restaurant to guide its strategic decision processes. Moreover, the paper will also include the 4Ps of the marketing mix and effective market segmentation initiatives for Long Beach in the competitive restaurant business. In addition, the brand management of major products along with the effective strategies of product lifecycle has also been considered in the study. Food chains or restaurants serving food and beverages to the customers entail certain strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Furthermore, these factors would be analyzed with the help of a SWOT analysis. Strengths of a restaurant are supposed to be those factors through which they attract customers and satisfy their respective demands rel ated to food and beverages along with ensuring profit maximization. The foremost strength of the restaurant i.e. Long Beach is its kitchen which is usually managed by highly proficient chefs. Furthermore, the chefs also conduct brainstorming activities in order to innovate and introduce new dishes.

The international day in The united Arab Emirats Essay

The international day in The united Arab Emirats - Essay Example 145). There is youth day, women day and Jazz ceremony all being international events. Basing our discussion on the Jazz international day, it is worth noting that the ceremony held every year. It involves individuals from the different groups that are members of the United Arab Emirates; for example in 2013, there was a Jazz event at Dubai. This one of the largest member states of Emirates, and the ceremony theme was on uniting culture. Jazz Amalgam ceremony aimed at uniting people, discouraging members from civil war and promoting peace and harmony among the member states. During this event, People would understand one another and get to take each other as brother. The songs and dances would be educative and directed to peace making. They would help in assisting people understand the negative impacts of conflict and civil wars. The dancers would present performance of insecurity, loss of life resulting from conflict hence encouraging members to love one another and work towards protection for their own and reduction of terrorism. For example, in the 10th annual ceremony at Dubai, dignitaries from various nations such as France were invited the event, which is said to be symbolic. The federation leader was observed to sit at the central position leading the opening remarks. Scholars have observed that this was a sign of unity as the federation leader acted as a mediator who would help unite Arabs with western nations such as U.S.A. The France ambassador was present to learn more of Arab culture, and this would help reduce emerging conflict among the western and Arab states. Furthermore, in the 10th annual ceremony, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and Thelonious chairman were present to participate in intercultural dialogue. This was a special event as it marked the beginning of unity among the western British and the Arabs. It is said to

Gourmet Express Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gourmet Express - Essay Example This business targets young urban professionals with a large income and do not want to eat at the hotels, are willing to have services offered at a pay and their leisure time is limited but prefer food cooked at home. Since the customers do not have time to prepare everything, they have to make orders which will be delivered. The primary competitors would be restaurants and grocery stores offering delivery services. The three levels of government are; the federal government which consists of two houses, the senate and House of Representatives. It has responsibilities that include social security, foreign affairs, currency, defense and trade which are exercised through the prime minister. The federal government reverses the power to allow or barn one from opening a business. The territory government and the State is the decision making body, its responsibilities include; consumer affairs, justice, education, health, forestry, main roads and transport. The state is mainly concerned abo ut the consumer affairs and ensures products in the market are to the required standard (Brough, 2005). . The local government has a body that makes decisions known as shire council or city council. It has a number of responsibilities which include; garbage collection, building regulations, public health and land subdivisions. The local authority must ensure that the premises under which the business is run meets the set standards and is neat. The economic factors that will affect Gourmet express are; Economic development and growth. This dictate the amount of money the whole society that you rely on for business earn. The company targets large income earners who want services at their doorstep at a pay. Demand and supply will also affect Gourmet Express services and products. Demand is the ability and willingness of consumers to purchase a commodity and supply is the business ability to provide for the consumers demand (Brough, 2005). . There are several social trends that are chan ging the business environment. Consumers want to know more about products, people want to know if the company’s products can cause harm to the environment, if the workers of that particular company are treated well? Gourmet Express has to ensure there is smooth coordination to be successful because disclosure of information is mandatory. Advertising has to be done well for success of the company because traditional advertising is less effective. Technology has become key for the success of every business, the management of Gourmet must put up with the pace of technological changes. The business must put up with new development methods and processes that arise since, there are new inventions daily and there they are supposed to be implemented in the business environment. There are many environmental factors that influence business in an economy which include; financial, political, social, employees, product quality and manufacturing. The management of Gourmet Express has to be very keen on all this because they can affect the business negatively. If there is political instability in a country a business will encounter losses because there will be no customers to sell its products to. SWOT analysis is important because it provides helpful information to the company in matching the capabilities and resources of the firm with the competitive environment where it operates. The strength of

Quotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Quotation - Essay Example Actions, which might threaten or lead to loss of life contradict the right, and thus need condemnation (Freeman 5). All constitutions of the world recognize and respect the right to life and that any person who attempts or violates it faces stiff penalty. For instance, when a person kills another person, he faces life sentence for violating the right of the deceased to live. This is evident in several countries such as in the Middle East whereby tyrants who had been accused of mass murder of human beings got punished. Former Iraq president, Saddam Hussein was hanged for killing many people during his reign (Freeman 5). Therefore, since nobody provided right to life to a fellow being, he or she has no right of taking such right from another being by killing or threatening. However, there are some instances when such right is denied or when a person accused of killing a fellow human being is pardoned (Freeman 9). Such situation arises when the accused was trying to defend himself or he rself from murder by the deceased. This normally happen when in times of conflict such as war or when a person turns wild and desires to kill. Moreover, when a person kills the other, and thus turns to be a security threat to public, police officers kill him (Freeman 9). A good instance occurs during mass shootings which have characterized the U.S.A. and which have left many people grieving from loss of loved ones. A recent incident was the US school shooting in Brooklyn, Newtown. Consequently, all constitutions on earth recognize and respect the right to liberty of all human beings. People have a right to be free from all forms of bondage and slavery. Capturing or enslaving a fellow human being is currently an international offence condemned by all nations (Freeman 11). Unlike in the past when people were taken as slaves due to debt or as war captives, all constitutions of the world prohibit the act and even imposes heavy penalty on the offenders. Since God created human beings whe n they were not under the rule or authority of anybody, no person should be denied such right. Right to liberty ensures that people move around the earth doing as they wish with their freedom so long as they respect and accord the same to other people (Freeman 14). Therefore, people who capture their fellow human beings contradict the right to liberty. Such acts include those witnessed by illegal groups such as militants or pirates who capture sailors and keep or otherwise kill them. A good example is the capturing of sailors in Indian Ocean by Somali pirates who demand huge ransom in order to release the captives. This action is bad and illegal since it contravenes the captives’ right to move (Freeman 14). However, the right to liberty is restricted in some instances. Such instances include when a person commits a criminal offence, and thus convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. While serving a prison term, a person is denied the right to be free (Freeman 14). This is a fo rm of punishment directed at the prisoner in order to compel him to change from criminal activities. Human beings also have a right to lead a happy life on earth. Such freedom is God – given and thus, nobody should be denied (Freeman 27). God created human beings to be happy creatures and thus, should thank him for such right by worshiping him. Therefore, actions, which inhibit man from pursuing happiness on earth go against the right and thus, need condemnation. Thus, human beings have a

Labor Migration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Labor Migration - Research Paper Example These are the countries that laborers have selected to work in. There are three different types of labor migration and are dependent on the motivation of immigrants. These are enforced migration, voluntary migration and distress migration. Enforced migration is the kind of migration that is decided and planned by some external powers. An example of enforced migration is a resettlement program that is imposed by a government. Voluntary labor migration is a result of the outcome of decisions made by migrating individuals. It can be migration for purposes of labor or due to marriage. Distress migration is the migration of multitude as a result of deprivation. In this case, a decision for one to migrate is reached as a way of escaping an environment that no longer promises signs of survival. From the above analysis, labor migration is not just an occurrence of the less developed states but is a global phenomenon. Apart from the above three factors of migration, laborers also migrate for other various factors. There are many pulls and push factors for migration. Such factors can be either economic or non-economic. Change of demography and labor market is examples of pull factors. This is usually experienced in most of the industrialized countries that require numerous workforces. The push factors include; unemployment in less developed states, availability of inter-county networks that are family based and the culture or history of a given society. People always migrate in search of better living standards (Lipton, 2010).). Labor migration has increased in the recent years since the migration procedure has been made easier unlike in the earlier days. The following are some of the main reasons that contribute to the migration of labors. Quench for better incomes; this is one of the main pull factors of labor migration. People tend to move from the sending country to the receiving country due to the

LOVE MANAGEMENT PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LOVE MANAGEMENT PLANNING - Essay Example It analyses situations within and those surrounding the organization that can help achieve or hinder the achievement of its targeted goals and objective. Here is an illustration of the planning functions of BP’s management. In line with the organizational mission and objective, the management has realized the need for the company to provide environmentally friendly sources of energy (Fredrick, 2006). Thus, the company has a targeted goal of increasing Liquid Petroleum Gas, which is least pollutant to the environment. Since this alone may not help achieve the profit prospective of the company, jet fuel processing needs to be increased, as it is less environmental pollutant, as compared to diesel, kerosene, and petrol. The management has evaluated and found this move to be worthwhile, since most Energy providing company are involved in the other most pollutant fuels. Therefore, the management decision for this New Year is to increase the facilities for LPG and Jet fuel processing, while minimizing those foe diesel, kerosene, and petrol. However, this comes with increased costs, since the refinement of crude oil into LPG and Jet fuels requires more time and specialized facilities. The increased cost of production will be met by the company’s increased market for LPG and Jet fuels, through signing new contracts to supply Airlines and LPG supplier companies. The new project is implementable as a pilot project in ten countries within the next two years. This will help the management assess whether the move is worth for the company to make. It is during this period that the new strategy of the company will be monitored and evaluated, after which the project will be implemented full, once it proves successful. Many factors have influenced the performance of the management. The legal issues such as increased taxation on the products that the company produces have had the effect of reducing the profits of the company (Fredrick, 2006).

Perspectives on Organisational Transformation Essay

Perspectives on Organisational Transformation - Essay Example In 2004, Dell made a profit of $2645 million on revenues of $41440 million. During the period 1997-2002, Dell's global market share of PC's went up from 5% to 15%. In the US, Dell had a market share of 27%. (Forbes, 28 october2002). The clear cost leader in the industry, Dell had concentrated on activities where it could add most value and on market segments where profits were highest. Dell had taken care to ensure that customer service was not diluted in the process of cutting costs. For example, the industry average downtime for a PC was 16 hours, but only 8 hours for a Dell PC (Kasturi& Bell,2002). For servers, the industry average downtime was 5 hours compared to 1 hour for a Dell server. A March-2001 fortune and trilogy survey of senior officers of fortune 1000 companies ranked Dell first in managing customer relations. Dell believed it could achieve a turnover of $60 billion, a target beyond the wildest imagination of most other players in the industry by 2006. Change is a necessary way of life. We are perhaps aware of the axiom that the certainty in the world is that these will be change. If an organization is to survive, grow and remain prosperous, it must ad aft to the demands of the environment, since these demands are constantly changing, organizations must also change. The pace of change is now so fast that business face constant market change and must respond very rapidly if they are to survive. Many don't make it. Evidence suggests that the average corporate life styles may be shrinking because of a mobility to change and adopt fast enough. For this reason managing change has now become a crucial part of competitive edge (Clarke, 2002). Newstrom and Davis (1997) have explained the impact of a change in any part of the organization of the total organization. They have illustrated it by comparing an organization to an air filled balloon. They have concluded that the whole organisation tends to be affected by the change in any part of it (Newstrom & Davis, 1997). Factors in Organizational Change : Organizational changes are required to maintain equilibrium between various external and internal forces to achieve Organizational goals. Therefore, various factors/triggers, which may be important for necessitating Organizational changes, may be grouped into two categories external & internal. External Factors: Changes affected by external factors i.e. social, political, economic, technological and legal, which force the Organizations to change themselves. Such changes may result change in major functions, nature of competition, economic constrains, organization methods etc. In order to survive in the changing environment, organization must change. Internal Factors: Change occurs because of two internal factors i.e. Change in managerial personnel and deficiency in existing organization. Initially Dell bought stripped down computers, added disk drivers and memory, upgraded and sold them. In 1989, Dell suffered its first major setback. To meet the growing demand Dell bought more microprocessors than it actually needed at the peak of a cyclical market. Then, prices plunged and microprocessor of higher capacity (1 megabyte up from 256 kb) came into the

Black Plague Essay Example for Free

Black Plague Essay A severe headache, the chills, a bad fever, swelling, lumps, exhaustion, and blood in your urine. What could possible cause these harsh symptoms? The Black Plague, also know as the Black Death or Bubonic Plague can. This disease killed thousands of people and left many devastated. In the 1500’s the Black Plague had a huge outbreak in England that killed over eighty-thousand people. The cause was not sure back then so victims could not take proper care and get the right medical treatment they needed. Random outbreaks would happen and there was no way to cure them. Once you were infected you had about two to six days until death. Many people died miserable deaths and others where left depressed. In the sixteen and seventeen centuries victims of the Black Plague would be sealed in their houses, which were locked and bolted from the outside. Nobody was allowed to enter the house and the victims were not allowed to leave it. Once the outbreak occurred, Plague pits, about twenty feet deep, were dug for the infected citizens. Thousands of people would be thrown into the pit each day to be burned and have their bodies disposed of so the infection wouldn’t spread even more. Many people lost their lives to this uncontrollable disease. There were many ways that the Black Plague was transmitted. It was carried by rodents such as rats and squirrels, but it was also transmitted to humans by fleas. Sometimes it was transmitted by direct contact through open sores or even an infected person’s breath. Cats, dogs and other animals were also common carriers of the Black Plague. When trade and war began, the Plague spread tremendously killing even more people than it already has. Getting infected by the Black Plague was not fun. Black spots would appear on the victims skin, which was were they got the name â€Å"the Black Death. † Early symptoms were a fever, the chills, a bad headache and extreme exhaustion. Following that came swollen glands, mainly in the armpits and groin areas. Finally you would become very ill and soon pass away. It was not just the people who lived in the towns who were at risk of catching the Plague. Elizabethan farmers and retailers of farm produce were in constant danger of getting the virus, which could affect their job. If they got it, it would spread to all of the animals making it very hard to survive. The Elizabethan era was a truly dangerous time. The Black Plague ruined many families and destroyed many lives. The Plague does still exist today but is not as common as it was in the Elizabethan era, and we have cures for it now. Many outbreaks occurred and many people lost their lives. It was a truly devastating point in history.

Performance Management System in British Airways

Performance Management System in British Airways Abstract As a company develops and takes on additional employees, the management of that company becomes a great concern. Different companies have currently started systems of performance management; as getting requiring aims has meant improving cultures of performance management across companies. In this paper we will discuss about the performance management style in British Air line. We will define Performance management in British Airline as an integrated and strategic style to presenting sustained achievement to corporation, in this situation BA, with developing the performance of the staffs through improving the abilities of team and individual participators. We will describe that system of a performance management sets out to make aim and objectives of BA to assure that BA is successful and staffs perform to the maximum probable standard. This research will also recognise any complications with BA in the type of developed performance. It is compulsory to make whether systems of performa nce management will enhance BA because they influence every person in the corporation. Performance Management System in British Airways Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Back Ground Management of performance, as relating to human resource management (HRM), is the system of presenting continued achievement to companies through developing abilities of staffs. It encourages the philosophical value that staffs are not capital presenter of companies with an aggressive benefit (Stankard, 2002). Management of performance demonstrates different confrontations in terms of logical implementation. Earlier researches have greatly failed to control different organizational constraints on its excellent execution. Overwhelming obstacles to modification is particularly compulsory presented their close connection to the achievement of the psychological agreement and concerned systems of HRM. The psychological agreement construct comprises of the presence of a soft group of anticipations held through the staff, which have to be managed. Within the connection demonstrated through these constructs, the employer and the staff inform, discuss, observe and then re-negotiate the relati onship of employment. In current management, different corporations focus the significance of performance management. Why is performance management so essential to organizations? Is performance management a compulsory exercise to corporations? Performance management is a method to management, which staffs and managers are unified to achieve aims of corporations (Locke, 1997). Aims are described, and results are then recognised to obtain the aims, which were apparently described. Promises of managers and staffs are achieved, to obtain the recognised results, and results are observed. In fact, performance management is a continuing method that continually calculated, observed and managed the general performance in a corporation (Stankard, 2002). Performance management has become gradually more essential from the generally extensively applied performance appraisal system to an incorporated and continues method of these days. Performance management in current human resources (HR) exercise is no longer depends on the value rating form as the individual measurement. Performance management describes aims, and recognised results to obtain aims. Staffs and managers are dedicated to obtain the recognised results, and observe results. Studies confirm that organizations that applied performance management fares excellent in terms of non-fiscal and monetary features than those corporations that do not exercise performance management. Therefore, the recognition of performance management and its styles for current corporations is compulsory in deciding and guaranteeing its aggressive benefit in the ever-modifying environment of business (Locke, 1997). Style of Performance management in British Airline is incorporated into corporation at various positions, to achieve the broader concerns of corporation where as simultaneously obtaining the similar aims (Irwin, 2002). Dissimilar standards of incorporation which performance management focuses to achieve are; vertical incorporation which connect the business, objectives of individual and team, functional incorporation which connect various parts of BA, integration of HR which connects development of business, development of HR and reward in order to obtain a coherent manner to controlling staffs and lastly the incorporation of individual requirements with BA to make the excellent performance. Systems of performance management focus to make a shared consideration about what is to be obtained in the BA (Linda, 2002). 1.2 Introduction This world is modifying. Both organizations and people currently compete in an international place of market. Consumers desire quality services and goods at aggressive prices. If the produce of a company cannot struggle, it will have not market. But this is main issue that as a corporation how to develop productivities and struggle with other corporations? Human resource management (HRM) must be utilised (Linda, 2002). HRM present to the practices and strategies required to carry out the individuals, or personal, features of a management level, containing recruiting, training, appraising and rewarding. As the compulsory section in HRM, performance management should be focused. Performance management is applying through nations such GDP, people and corporations. Performance management is about to achieve the excellent performance from people, but goes further in that it also focuses to achieve the excellent performance from the corporation and from the people as a whole. Performance management derives from the approach of management for human resource as an integrated and strategic method to the management and improvement of staffs. The method of evaluating, identifying and improving the performance of work for staffs in the corporation, so that the objectives and aims of corporation are additional successfully obtained, as at the similar time profiting staffs in terms of identification, getting response, catering for work requirements and giving support of profession (Alfred, 1970). Through process of performance management, strengths and talent of staffs, with areas, which need developments, are apparently recognised. This will make sure that staffs are ready for development of career (Stankard, 2002). Planning of Performance is the early phase for Process of Performance Management, manager are connected setting of goal and defining the job. Description for responsibility of job for all positions of employees is recognised throughout this early phase. Therefore, staffs are cleared of their aim and they have an excellent consideration about the direction of the corporation. The great participation and involvement of staffs, levels of performance are then recognised. Therefore, both the staffs and managers are capable to make the aims through presenting the plan and the exact aims (Irwin, 2002). Once strategy and aims are made, feedback and observation are carried out to make sure the success of staffs in obtaining expectations of performance (Campbell, 1973). The presentations of staffs are assessed and recorded. Bosses will then present response and compulsory training to staffs. The communication will be two-way and continuing. Expectation of job will be assessed and modified if compulsory. If hopes are completed, staffs must achieve identification and be supported. If performance falls short of anticipation, staffs shall be directed to support effectual approach to develop about obtaining specified aims. 1.3 British Airline British Airways is the biggest international passenger airline in the world. The important performance of British Airways and its subsidiary undertakings are the action of domestic and international charter and scheduled air services for the presence of travellers, mail and freight and the delivery of supplementary services. British Airways, which originated as Aircraft Transport and Travel, began its maiden every day international scheduled air services between Paris and London after World War 1 (Irwin, 2002). In 1939, government of UK combined Imperial Airways and British Airways to make British Overseas Airways, which became a government possessed corporation. Major operation of BOAC was services of long haul and British European Airways was initiatives to serve domestic, continental and market of Europe (Stankard, 2002). In 1976, British Airways began its first supersonic traveller service jointly with Air France. British Airways was privatised in 1987 and was merged with British Caledonian. In 2002, British Airways Citi Express was shaped through integration Bryman Airways and British Regional Airlines, which were entirely possessed subsidiaries. The Airline had 373 aircraft in operation as of September 30, 2001 (Irwin, 2002). In UK, the Airline presents most of the working services it needs for the managing of cargo and passengers. At international airports, apart from JFK, the subcontracts of Airline facility of the majority of its ground handling requirements. Ramp, runway and facilities of terminal are presented through operators of airport that charge airlines for implement of these services, mainly through charges of parking and landing. Facilities of navigation are presented to aircraft through countries through whose territory they fly or through international regions like Euro control. Duti es of navigation are normally based on space flown and load of aircraft. 1.4 Research Aim This research observes the system of performance management, which has become part for human resources of British airways. It defines the method related and the various kinds of performance management. 1.5 Research Objectives This is the major objective of this research to points out the requirement for rules and directions to govern performance management in British Airways because of modifications that have taken place in the company in current years. In the method of implementing and designing a latest style of performance management, the managers should play a task in the process of design, in educating staffs about the significance of the style, in deciding on fiscal and non-fiscal actions of performance. One more purpose of this paper is to identify the idea of performance appraisal and also observe the normal performance observing and mechanism of assessment in BA. To determine the various systems of performance management applied through the British Airways To investigate the perceptions of the employees of British Airways on the various systems of performance management applied to calculate their performance To study how the staffs of British Airline perceive the effects of performance management on their own performance To analyse the way by which the British Airlines employees are approaching the results of their performance management 1.6 Research Questions What is a Performance Management? What Are The Components of A Performance Management System? What Is Performance Appraisal? What kind of Performance management in BA? What is the roll of Performance Management in BA? What is the consequence of performance management in BA? Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This part presents an assessment on current literature on concerned issues which makes the beginning source for the research. The literature review is separated into two groups where the first lives on relating of literatures on the issue of performance. In the same time the second group concentrates on the composed scorecard with its account and improvements observed (Marr, 2004). The features, customization and implementation of the scorecard are also discovered to confirm its significance in the situation of British airlines. The literature review also demonstrates the important success aspects and decides the main criteria of performance management for British Airways (Linda, 2002). Carter McNamara, (1997) defined that Performance management is a comprehensive method which highlight on the general association presentation to the companies and at the level of staffs. It furthermore leans to aim on the method to supply a goods or services in the company. Before that Alfred D. chandler, (1970) suggested the shift of Performance Management from structure of association to the workers for accomplishing excellent performance. Gary Cokins, (2008) characterised the multi-dimensional structure of association in order to performance management. Our reason of composing this item is to recount the connection between staffs performance management to accomplish its strategic aims. Employees Performance Management is a comprehensive method, which is founded on the workforce performance and the completion of organizational aims at all positions. The rudimentary beliefs behind the performance management is to evolving the position between the objectives of company, with the abilities and capabilities of staffs, furthermore it focus on the improvement and enhancement of the general method. Individuals mainly misperceive the performance management to the appraisal of performance; in genuine performance appraisal is assessing the past performance whereas performance management is a continuing method to assessing the completion of aims. Alan Nankervis, (2004) while managing his study in a British organisation discovers that there are some associations which distributed their objectives of corporations with their staffs. Different companies use the performance appraisal as in evaluation to the performance management in which the aim is made on the evaluation between t he performance measures being created through the company and the genuine performance of the workers while no one really contrasts the presentation contrary to the objectives of company (Glendinning, 2002). Performance management is the genuine topic as we work in the corporation for value command, in Quality founded association the target of the presentation is created on the accomplishment or fulfilment of the aims other than made standards. No question in performance management which is really the sub part of value command having different measures of performance but these presentation measures are very much associated with the objectives of companies (Stankard, 2002). 2.2 Shift from Performance Appraisal to Performance management Different researchers have been made in the performance appraisal but regrettably it did not present any acceptable outcomes as Thomas B. Wilson, (1994) tends to recount the performance appraisal as it did no work for the workers with on for the association except evolving the expiation or dissatisfaction. In the same way Wendy K. Soo Hoo, (2004) resolved two of his studies that 90% of the workers discovered the presentation appraisal as an unsuccessful. The causes he deduced from his study are like the Managers bypass presenting dependable critiques because they dont desire any clash. Normally managers fear the appraisal method as much as workers manage, so they delay and dont arrange sufficiently. Staffs can be disheartened through rankings and data from the study demonstrated that 80% of persons observe themselves in the top 25% of all performers. So 55% will be actually disheartened through dependable response about where they stand (Hal, 2008). We came to understand from all overhead consideration that appraisal of performance is not managing certain thing additional for the association and the association bestowed workers founded on the appraisal incapable to achieve the needed outcome. Reward does not modify the presentation of persons who perform solely for prize (Linda, 2002). Excellent remuneration scheme cannot ever be an excellent choice for the association for accomplishing its aims. On the contradict part it can discourage the workers due to inadequate circulation of pays on the cornerstone of performance appraisal (Marr, 2004). On the entire penalties of performance appraisal can guide lead to the down turn of general presentation of the company. On the opposite edge, Performance management of the workers is the plan which endow the companies to accomplish their aims through using the completely ability grade of their staffs. It starts when a worker connects the company and finishes when he departs his company (Glendinning, 2002). Glendinning, (2002) propose that performance management is the strategy which is presumed to be the requirement of the hour for and a replacement of early performance appraisal method. He farther contended that a corporation without a performance administration strategy has no dream for its future. Linda Gravette, (2006) with her study resolved that workers should be well renowned with the performance management strategy, used in the company and there must be a consideration with the workers about the extent and the assessment they are utilising for the evaluation of performance. 2.3 Role and Significance of Productive Performance Management System Modifying individual worker demeanour depends at the heart of organizational change plans. This is because they disregard or disturb made modification psychology values. Senior management can suppose that because they are prepared to pro-actively adopts modification; their workers will be identically pro-active. Though, enforcing activity on workers who are not arranged outcomes in clash (Glendinning, 2002). Usually, only 20 per cent of workers in companies are arranged to take affirmative activity in answer to initiatives of change. More than 70 per cent of latest strategic plans go incorrect for this reason. Therefore, to be thriving in forming demeanour, performance management strategy should accomplish acceptance through those being managed (Kaplan and Norton, 2000). Latest companies require replying additional competently to altering external and interior situations, and organizational discovering has become a significant strategic concentration (Marr, 2004). With expecting and answering to alterations in the natural environment through positive discovering involvements, different companies are developing into discovering companies. However, the inquiry of how to best change approaches through organizational discovering and improvements remain (Latham and Wexley, 1981). Actually, numerous change plans go incorrect because either organizational heritage is not prepared to modify at that period, or because they manage not foresee the influence of change on systems of human. Actions in the last cited class normally outcome in opposition and finally malfunction of the initiative of change. As cited earlier, one procedure that companies can apply to sway competencies of worker in a kind order with the change of company is to evolve robust performance management methods (Bank, 2007). 2.4 Necessary components of performance management System Andrà © A. de Waal; Vincent Coevert (2007), undertook a study for understanding the result on the output of the freshly applied performance management strategy in two public and personal banks. Outcomes of the study was that in personal part it made an important enhancement as in public part it did not play any important role. The cause behind this division of outcome was operation of the scheme in both of the banks and the philosophy of management. In management of public bank did not hassle sufficient for the implementation of the freshly evolved scheme as in personal bank the management endeavoured to apply it with its genuine soul (Kurtzman, 1993). So it is the management firm promise in the direction of the implementation that how pledged the managers is in order to performance management. Performance management and getting the needed demeanour is one of the centre matters which most of the association falls short to investigate in alignment to accomplish the needed aims (Glendinning, 2002). Demeanour of company must be evolved amidst the individual in a style which is presentation oriented and demeanour must be investigate and then changed to evolve the needed approach. The achievement of the plan is connected with anticipations of staffs if the workers anticipations fulfil with the plan of appraisal, then there affirmative connection and vice versa. The other thing which should be kept in mind while evolving the aims that it must be in accord with the workers and association ability. Person must be responsible in encouraging of a performance management strategy which really encourages the culture of value. Defining the identical things through Nonna Turusbekova (2007), recounts the requirement of the value management plan in the company to achieve yearning manners of employees because employees generally breaches the directions and detract the value methods. The rudimentary reason of performance management strategy is to conceiving the position in between the association aims and its sub strategy to accomplish the association aims, Carter McNamara, (2008). In modern company must be a balanced performance management strategy to accomplish the companies aims. With strategically utilising the performance management strategy companies can evolve its presentation measures, can evolve the assessment and then accounts the result for farther enhancement and in this a relentless method hold running. In TQM methods Performance management strategy play a significant function for evolving with assessing and accomplishing the aims. The improvements like metrics, catalogues must be agreed with the plan in the value method to the companies. A balance performance management strategy initiative was taken by Kaplan; Norton, (1992) to accomplish the dream of company strategically. Balance score business card concentrating on the four enterprise potential i .e. economic, clientele approval, enterprise method and the company discovering and modern culture (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). A review resolute that the businesses apply a mean of 13 management devices at the business position. These devices are proposed to assist assess or supervise the presentation of an association, and inside this the most well liked performance associated device was the Balanced Scorecard. In the nonattendance of a rudimentary strategic situation, managers discovered it complicated to acquiesce on a befitting set of assesses of organizational performance (Ambrose Runyard, 1992). Balance scorecard is the stage for assessing the association presentation having cooperating with economic and non- fiscal facets of business (Federal regulations, 2001). 2.5 British Airways British Airways has started a balanced sequence of non-fiscal and fiscal symbols of performance to increase its position of performance management. These are the key performance indicators (KPI) of British Airways: 2.5.1 Economic For the future of British Airways and to return their shareholders, BA has to keep a stable and powerful monetary performance. 2.5.2. Operation Margin That is the working income separated through income, which is demonstrated as a percentage is a compulsory style of measuring the monetary performance. BA has set an aim of getting 10% of working margin gradually in the coming monetary years. BA has obtained their aim of 10% working margin in 2007/08. Despite of different financial situations and increasing costs of fuel in the latter six months, business plan of BA has supported to obtain the set aim for the year 2007/08. 2.5.3 Customers Word of mouth is a significant feature for the achievement of the BA. To have an excellent recognition of the consumers, BA has an important operative method in position. This is an on-board review which is performed through a free market research corporation. Monthly about 55,000 passengers are reviewed about all features of their knowledge of flight with BA. The review supports to calculate the percentage of passengers who are going to suggest BA to others (Bank, 2007). This review supports to assess the situation to which passenger knowledge can influence the income of the corporation in future. BA has focused an aim of 63% passengers to be in the group of exceptionally likely or precise likely. BP10 plan of BA has attempted to redefine the capacity made to the passengers under the caption BA Basics and Brilliance. BA has obtained 59% in the passengers proposal measure. In 2007/08 BA had a reduction of 2% as contrasted to the last year which was attributed to the deprived performa nce at Heathrow? British Airways is focusing on developing their products of on-board and also on ground passenger service. BA is financing on presenting excellent facilities to the passengers through attempting to raise the sign of passenger suggestion. Performance of BA on this sign was 61% in 2006/07 and 59% in 2007/08. 2.5.4 Operations BA has to perform its performance dynamically if they have to please anticipations of passengers and also to operate the company, cost successfully. Heathrow being at the centre for operations of BA with its organization restrictions had an important strain on performing the actions keeping excellent quality, continually. Business strategy of BA has focused on five important fields of working performance. In these five, keeping time in departure is the compulsory measure of working performance. Timekeeping supports in the smooth working of the rest of working method and is an important aspect in affecting decision of passenger in proposing BA to others. This aspect is calculated through measuring how different flights of BA are all set to depart 3 minutes before to the planned time (Bank, 2007). 2.5.5 Employees One of the important features which affect the performance of BA is involvement of its staffs. They must be inspired, dedicated to the aim, values and aims of the BA and must be prepare for the modification and to serve the passengers. In 2006/07 BA has system of Index for Employee Involvement, which is focused through all staff speak up. The goal of the review is to focus and match the scores of other important companies in airline sector and BA has set an aim target of 73% in 2007/08. They obtained 65% which 5% less than the performance of last year. Plan of BA concentrates at financing in the growth of abilities of the staffs, through presenting proper educating and allowing them to be capable to do the job positively. 2.5.6 Performance Performance is described as the process or action of performing. One more description of the word demonstrates the abilities of a product or machine. Lebas (1995) demonstrates performance as the future possibility to perform especial activities to effectively obtain set aims within the presented time structure and restrictions of the actor and the condition. Performance in one situation can bring an entirely dissimilar definition when applied in a disparate situation. For instance, performance in an environment of computer system can mean the efficiency and effectiveness of the tools applied in efforts of telecommunication. Performance in a deal of business can explain to finish and present charges that have been approved upon based on a written agreement between the purchaser and seller (Hope, 2003). Conversely, performance can be described as the real outcomes obtained contrasted to outcomes that were anticipated or wished. The variations in real outcomes contrasted to what was anticipated is identified a gap of performance. Therefore improvement of performance is required to narrow the gaps, if any there (Ittner and Larcker, 1998). Performance must be about acquiring or achieving aims that has been focused earlier to operating the act or work. Performance is the time test of any plan. If the proper amount of attempt is presented to achieve anticipated presentation, quality is obtainable. Additionally, the description of performance very much relies on the condition and restricts also who holds the making of decision with concerns to the performance obtained (Hope, 2003). 2.6 Performance Measurement (PM) PM can be demonstrated as a method of reviewing the accomplishments of a person, group or even a company with regards to achieving focused aims through statistical proof which can come in the style of monetary data, share of market, or even the assets one has. According to the research, the leadership of a company plays a vital task in deciding the success and future of the corporation (Armstrong, 2001). In spite of concentrating on numerical values like enhancing production, the higher management of companies must play duty of prioritizing current assets of the corporation like nurturing and appreciating the contributions of employees in terms of the views they present, servicing and acknowledging the requirements of consumers as developing on what the company does best in spite of venturing too much into latest areas that do not assure achievement (Cooper, 1989). PM was normally connected to obtaining positive monetary outcomes where metrics created for calculation relied a lot on financial achievements which in a style or another supported vast improvements of different packages of accounting. Since the 1990s and 2000s, people have begun to critique the job and entire depend on monetary signs as missing other compulsory aspects that demonstrate the overall health of companies. Companies begun to feel the significance of calculating further fields of performance that can demonstrate the between the company and its assets in spite of relying only on monetary signs that tend to explain earlier accomplishments and aims of short term rather than concentrate on the upcoming direction of the company (Lawrie and Cobbold, 2004). Folan and Browne (2005) demonstrated that in the following years, the development of PM would keep and it would move towards concentrating on the external situation of a company. In spite of the common system of considering that a company has apparent limits and finite connection with other companies, development of PM will gradually turn its focus to contrasting the health of a company with its opponents (Armstrong, 2001). Figure demonstrates the development of dimension and how the concentration of PM has modified from monetary concentration to operational and strategic through the years. (Armstrong, 2001) PM plays three vital tasks in controlling performance. Firstly, PM presents cooperation through narrowing the concentration and focus of policy makers on the significances and aims of the company (Gary, 2008). Then, it presents a method for observing though applying reports of performance to confirm how well anticipations of stakeholders have been achieved up to now. PM serves as an analytic tool in assessing the motive and influence connections between arrangements taken and the outcomes obtained thereby permitting corrective activities to be taken to develop any unwanted conditions. Henri (2006) additionally discloses that from the three tasks recognised, the knowledge achieved can be applied to clarify activities reserved and strategies for future businesses. PM brings also the concentration of officials to important success aspects for the companies and aims that must be the goal of employees (Ordiorne, 1965). PM permits BA to decide its present position with relation to last accomplishments, the final aim of the company, the excellent systems for achieving the aim and how the company can establish if its aim is realized and complete.

The Development Of Psychology As A Scientific Discipline Philosophy Essay

The Development Of Psychology As A Scientific Discipline Philosophy Essay One of the most notable figure in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline is RenÄâ€Å" Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician. Descartes was most recognized as a proponent of dualism which supported the idea that all reality can be divided into two vivid and distinct entities: mind and matter. Descartes distinguished himself from other philosophers in that he proposed an existing link or interaction between mind and matter called interactionism. This was the key development in psychology as a scientific discipline because it led to two key principles in psychology introspectionism and behaviourism. Despite Descartes emphasis on the rationalism which is the pursuit of truth through the process of reasoning, John Locke, the British first empiricist, suggested that empiricism which involves the pursuit of truth through observation and experience is the preferred method of investigation. Being the pioneer to define self through a continuity of consciousness, Locke postulated that the mind was a blank slate of tabula rasa. Contrary to Descarts cartesian philosophy, he believed that we were born without innate idea and that the knowledge is instead measured only by experience derived from various sense perceptions. Yet, some of the information attained from our senses is subjective and non-trustworthy while some are objective and trustworthy. He put great emphasis upon the belief that our knowledge of complex experiences were made up from the links between simple and primary sensations. This idea was further developed by David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. Yet, there was a slight difference from Lockes argument. While Locke wrote of innate ideas, Hume introduced the concept of perceptions which consisted of impressions and ideas and strove to develop a total naturalistic science of man that examined the human nature on a psychological basis. To Hume, impressions were the most important perceptions because they were derived directly from observations. He strongly believed that only empirically derived content are valuable and trustworthy. Thus, he developed positivism the philosophy of science rooted on the view that data derived from sensory experience and that logical and mathematical analysis of such data produce all authoritative knowledge. In contrast to the empiricists, George Berkely, an Anglo-Irish philosopher proposed that our knowledge comes from the inferences derived from experience through our senses instead of simply coming from direct experiences. His notable achievement of the advancement of the theory called immaterialism or subjective idealism which denies the existence of material substance. In contrast, this theory contends that objects are only ideas in the perceivers minds hence cannot exist without being perceived. A Scottish philosopher, Kames Mill then further developed on the idea and moved the focus from animism to materialism which is a belief that truth can be founded only after a thorough understanding of our physical world. The assumption that Mill insisted was that humans and animals were basically the same that both were entirely physical in their outer look and were totally subjected to the physical laws of the universe. Though agreed in essence with Descartes primary approach in understanding the human body, Mill was against the concept of an immaterial mind. Later on in the mid-1800s, a German physiologist, Wilhelm Wundt, used scientific research methods to investigate reaction times and his book, Principles of Physiological Psychology illustrated many of the main connections between the science of physiology and the study of humans thought and behaviour. The opening of the worlds first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig in 1879 marked the official beginning of psychology as a distinct scientific discipline. Wundt maintained that psychology is a study of humans consciousness and intended to apply as many experimental methods as possible to investigating and understanding internal mental processes. Though his use of introspection is seen as a non-trustable and non-scientific method today, his early work during the days helped to kick-start a stage for future experimental methods and hence was significant in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. One of the Wundts most famous student, Edward B.Titchener went on to develop amd found psychologys first major school of thought and proposed the idea that human consciousness can be broken down into smaller parts via introspection. He was one of the most prominent structuralist. While structuralism was notable for its emphasis on science research, its methods were less convincing, unreliable, limiting and subjective. The concept essentially died when Titchener passed away in 1927. In response to structuralism, functionalism, an American perspective which was largely influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin emerged. Functionalists sought for explanation for the mental processes in much systematic and accurate way. Instead of focussing on the elements of consciousness, they focussed on its purpose. This brings psychology a step closer to scientific discipline by placing great emphasis on systematic research method. In early 20th Century, another major school of thought known as behaviourism rose to dominance. It was a significant change from the past theoretical views. In fact, it was aimed to transform psychology into a much scientific discipline by solely emphasising on observable behaviour. It was started by Ivan Pavlov and two of the strongest advocates were John B.Watson and B.F. Skinner. However, behaviourism does not encourage scientific psychology. Among all, the concept of empiricism developed by philosophers John Locke and David Hume was the most significant leap in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.

Richard II in William Shakespeare Essay -- Hero Richard II Shakespeare

Richard II in William Shakespeare The plays of William Shakespeare are generally easy to categorize, and the heroes of these plays are equally so. However, in the history play Richard II, Shakespeare’s king is more ambiguous than Hamlet or Romeo– there is no clear cut answer to whether Richard II is a tragic hero... or simply a tragedy. Historically, Richard II was crowned at a very young age, forced into the role of monarch, and thrust without hesitation into the murky world of political intrigue, which perhaps lends his character sympathy because he had no choice in his fate. However, despite his forced role in life, Richard II seems to rely on the concept of divine right to secure his throne, making no effort to sustain it once it is â€Å"irrevocably† his. Richard II is both the tragic hero and the tragedy– simply playing the role of King for the majority of the play, but only coming into his own after he is deposed, and only then to fight for his own existence. From the beginning of the play, Richard II is apathetic at best in his royal role. By exiling Bolingbroke and...

Milton and Cavendish: Faithful Realists :: Paradise lost Blazing World

Milton and Cavendish: Faithful Realists Inquiries regarding the nature and acquisition of knowledge, coupled with the monumental question of whether human beings are capable of accruing knowledge–the philosophical study of epistemology–has roots buried in antiquity: Genesis, to be exact. Great thinkers of the Western tradition have both accepted and rejected components of Old Testament lore; Platonic and Aristotelian philosophers have indeed battled for centuries over the way in which reality is understood. Following Aristotle’s teachings, the empiricists and Enlightenment thinkers regarded the processing of sense and experiential data as the surest way to unlock truth. Plato’s adherents, however, figures such as Immanuel Kant, deemed the human intellect a leaky and misguiding faculty, not quite efficient in comprehending truth. John Milton and Margaret Cavendish, the reigning theological epistemologists of the 17th century, pondered the nature of divine reality, the role of human rationality in understanding God’s master plan, and the means by which that plan is (and should be) grasped by the human race. Both Milton and Cavendish have declared in their works, Paradise Lost and The Blazing World, that reason as a means to arrive at ultimate truth is insufficient; in the end, faith is the only tool with which human beings acquire proper knowledge. After an initial reading of The Blazing World, one would assume Cavendish ranked reason above faith, parting ways with Milton; the Empress in the tale is nearly obsessed with scientific inquiry. Upon close analysis of the text, however, it becomes evident that Cavendish’s message is complementary to Milton’s. This is not to say that either Milton or Cavendish were pure theologians in their world view, placing no value on science or logic; rather, both found a measure of importance in the findings of contemporary science and consequently instilled in their literary protagonists curiosity about the laws of the universe. It was just such cosmic curiosity that plagued thinking individuals of the Renaissance period. As Europe slowly developed a flavor for scientific inquiry, well guarded theological dogmas were threatened; the mid 1600s was indeed a time of questioning long established religious and political doctrines. While grappling with the emerging debate of reason versus faith, Milton and Cavendish offered philosophical fictions heralding the supremacy of the latter. Characters in the authors’ works discover that reason, untempered by belief in divine truth, is dangerous. Cavendish’s Empress of the Blazing World, for example, is a tyrannical ruler who demands that her subjects uncover the secrets of the natural world.

Male and Female Travelers Essay -- Compare Contrast Gender Writing Na

Male and Female Travelers While reading Helen Maria Williams' "A Tour in Switzerland" and William Coxe's "Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Swisserland," I find myself captivated by Williams' description of the Rhine Falls, while feeling indifferent by Coxe's account of the same landscape. It strikes me how much the Rhine Falls influences Williams' emotions and her avid imagination, yet it seems to have a subtle effect on Coxe. In her introduction, Williams mentions that "the descriptive parts of this journal were rapidly traced with the ardour of a fond imagination, eager to seize the vivid colouring of the moment ere it fled, and give permanence to the emotions of admiration, while the solemn enthusiasm beat high in [her] bosom" (vol. I, i). Coxe, on the other hand, seems to approach all that he sees with a detached attitude - he is simply there to observe the scenery, not dwell emotionally and spiritually within it. The obvious differences between Williams' and Coxe's approach towards the Rhine Falls show the contrast between what female and male writers value the most in their travels. Williams easily immerses herself into the magic of the moment in front of the Rhine Falls, while Coxe shows a more aloof reaction towards the Rhine Falls, preferring, instead, to observe the Rhine Falls and its surrounding areas as a whole. Both Williams and Coxe approach Switzerland differently. Before traveling to the Rhine Falls, Williams already has preconceived expectations and fantasies about what Switzerland is like: "I [am] going to contemplate that interesting country, of which I have never heard without emotion! - I am going to gaze upon images of nature, images of which the idea has so often swelled my ... ...s more on how the landscape will benefit them intellectually. For example, William' encounter with the Rhine Falls results in her developing an attachment to the majestic grandeur of the cataract, and she feels the cataract possesses a power that is far beyond the comprehension of mankind. Coxe, on the other hand, maintains a detached attitude towards the Rhine Falls. To Coxe, the Rhine Falls is only one of the objects that make up the sublimity of the landscape. Works Cited Coxe, William. Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Swisserland. A Series of Letters to William Melmoth, Esq. London: J. Dodsley, 1779. Williams, Helen Maria. A Tour in Switzerland. A View of the Present State of the Government and Manners of Those Cantons: With Comparative Sketches of the Present State of Paris, 2 vols. London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798.

Major Factors for a Successful Exhibition Essay

Visitors are the lifeblood of any successful exhibition. Exhibitors expect to meet visitors so they can do business with. Organizers need visitors to visit their exhibitions’ so they can encourage exhibitors to join their exhibitions, therefore making positive financial returns. On the 28-31 October this year, the HKTDC will organize an international furniture fair at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition centre. The most successful companies in this exhibition will be the ones that take advantage of the knowledge the event organizers have to offer, and then successfully communicate that knowledge to the project team that will design all the elements that will be present within the display booth. Other factors for a successful exhibition in the eyes of the exhibitor include but not limited to the following †¢Establish meaningfully goals, and come up with a strong and reliable strategy that will achieve your goals. †¢Put into practice powerful and unforgettable marketing initiatives before, during, and after the exhibition. Choose the best type of exhibit display booth that meets your goals and promotional needs as well as your budgetary requirements. †¢Effectively make use of display accessories, banners, graphics, lighting, booth design, and materials to heighten visibility and drive sales. †¢Hand out Promotional products that complement your company image. †¢Ensure those working the show are well trained to fully represent your company, generate leads, and secure sales. Through the eyes of the organizer the key factors of a successful exhibition is when all the exhibition goals have been achieved or completed. Some of those goals I have listed below †¢Pre-promotional strategy as meet it objectives by providing enough interest in the exhibition †¢All the allocated floor space as been taken up by exhibitors †¢Visitors count by surpassed the expected amount †¢Feedback from exhibitors is good and bookings are taken for the following year †¢Nothing unexpected happens †¢When organizers receive recognition for their exhibition A well organized event will enhance awareness, help to capture new business leads and advance customer relationships

“Houzit” Marketing management plan Essay

Marketing objectives The market for home-wares in Brisbane is estimated last year at $175 million per annum with an anticipated growth rate of the percent in the coming year. Here I outline the following marketing objectives: 12% market share (up from 11%) Increase in sales by 8.5% over last year’s result No expansion stores are planned during this phase of consolidation and on average the stores achieved $24,680 per week for the year. Marketing activities Here we present the marketing activities that show potential for the organization’s growth in seasonal demand that occurs during this period. Increased marketing – focus on magazine advertising and PR In-store promotions– in-store displays will feature advertising visuals and ink the featured products with other areas in Houzit’s assortment. Web based promotions- the company’s web page will also carry the advertising visuals on the home page and will use the PR copy in article marketing on popular article content sites. The webpage will be targeted towards the key words found in the PR article and featured in the advertising of ‘stylish bathroom’ and ‘exotic mirrors’. These keywords will also be secured via pay-per-click traffic directing. Focus in bathroom fittings and mirror categories with linkages to the other two categories of bedroom fittings and decorative items. Key driver in achieving the marketing objectives is through the opportunity of having advertising space together with a PR write up in one of the leading home-ware magazines and their website. For the next six months the marketing plan calls for increased marketing to match the growth in seasonal demand that occurs during this period. Integration of organizational activities Advertising visuals and links will be displayed throughout at Houzit’s assortment and web homepage. Company Web address line of ‘Find us at http://www.houzit.com’ will be displayed on all materials. PR copy- used in article marketing on popular article content sites. The webpage will be targeted towards the Key word throughout. These keywords will also be secured via pay-per-click traffic directing. Distribution and pricing Online retailing a new distributional channel- Company have decided to update the webpage so that the customers can order and pay online. The Price of imports will be monitored against competitors and exchange rate on daily basis because imports were usually an area of high margins for the company and any loss there could be a serious issue. KPIs Market share = store sales/total estimated market sales Marketing cost of customers acquisition = cost of marketing / Total new business acquired Delegation of roles and responsibilities Marketing manager – enjoy taking responsibility for the in-store promotions because it keeps me connected with key personnel and trend in merchandise category sales. Tony – he is a specialist search engine optimizer and webpage designer Marie – advertising /PR Lamberts consulting – market research and marketing audits Communication Strategies Marketing communications is a rather generic term for a very important function of marketing. Communicating and disseminating information has become increasingly important. While public relations are a form of marketing communications, the role encompasses much more, including content development, product positioning and brand messaging. Thus we will use the below methods to communicate effectively:- 1. Shared emails 2. Formal meetings 3. Informal meetings 4. Team visits – stores 5. Progress chart Assessment Task 2 – Case study analysis Staffing support plan Strategies: 1. Setting goals Will organise weekly meeting by providing to employees where can achieve greatest return that to work toward and has the potential to increase productivity in the workplace. 2. Providing Feedback We believe that consistent feedback from mentors and coaches not only helps improve employee performance, but it ensures employees are not caught off guard when disciplined for poor performance. 3. Celebrations and Rewards Celebrations and rewards will build respect for the mentor or coach and help employees see that the individual is not only there to criticize but also to share in employee success. 4. Collaboration Managers will provide for new employees to collaborate with as they begin working with a Houzit. I believe that managers help employees learn to navigate an organization and how to complete tasks effectively. Resources Marketing outcome model: ROI – Return on investment Feedback Providing the feedback using the Star model: An easy way to remember the elements of effective feedback is to use the acronym STAR. ST – Situation or Task. What was the problem, opportunity, challenge or task? A – Action. What was said or done to handle the situation or task? Remember to provide developmental feedback and areas for improvement. R – Result. What was the impact of the employee’s efforts, and how did their actions influence the end result? Here’s an example of using the STAR model to provide positive feedback. ST – â€Å"Thanks for completing the spreadsheet on resource allocation I requested.† A – â€Å"You provided all of the data I asked for and got it to me on time.† R – â€Å"I was able to bring the data to a  planning meeting with our director, where we used it to create a strong resource plan for next term.† Scenario 1 One-on-one coaching will include Role-play activities Testing and reviewing answers Meetings to encourage the employee to perform and homework in which answers are reviewed The manager provides the individualized coaching to her employee. May set up a time line with preset intervals to review progress Scenario 2 Performance measurement and Corrective actions such as: Ask the employee to rate themselves Provide a written performance review to the employee Make sure that can back up any positives and negatives with specific examples Conduct a review meeting within 48 hours of the written performance review Note and file any employee comments and then ensure that the final version goes on file. Customise the one-on-one coaching template of Houzit company’s requirements and hand to employees to complete prior to a performance review. Identifying weaknesses: To evaluate our employees’ weaknesses we will consider factors such as: Tardiness Communication problems Lack of enthusiasm or drive Poor comprehension of materials or program Difficulty getting along with others. We will work with each employee to come up with measurable goals for improvement. For example: devise a system to track each employee’s progress and check in regularly. If an employee has a problem with attendance or tardiness, for instance, create an attendance chart and offer positive reinforcement, such as praise or recognition for good attendance each week. For employees with technical problems or a lack of understanding, offer training on computer programs or systems. Other ways to track employees’ progress may include having employees keep track of their daily or weekly  sales numbers. For more subjective areas, such as people skills, consider holding office seminars on topics such as diversity, compromise or communication or paying for employees to attend training. Offer incentives for the training — such as lunch for all participants or a certificate. Assessment Task 3 – Marketing performance report Marketing objectives The estimate for home-wares is currently $199 mln p.a up from $175 mln This year’s predicted growth 10% and expecting to continue for the next 5 years Average weekly sale has grown $28,200 although expectation was 8.5% growth on $24,680 Market share targeted 12% Last 6 months marketing expenditure: Advertising- $250,000 PR- $30,000 In store promotion- $60,000 Internet marketing-$100,000 The cause of the profit increase was we have successfully implemented the new strategies by actively engaging to achieve the marketing objectives. There was a seasonal demand that occurred during the last year by giving growth in share from10-12%. Increase in share will be remained in next force able 5 years, which is giving more opportunity to Houzit stay in the market specifically continue to focusing on magazine advertising and PR, together with in store promotions. Also, we should invest more on web based promotions in the next marketing period. With a growing market we should maintain the market share to bring to the Houzit solid and controllable growth. Targets We should maintain our high performance as much as we can. There will be a large growing increase in interstate migration consequently the home-wares and the building activity for at least next five years. REFERENCES 1. Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2005) International Marketing, Oxford University Press, New Delhi and New York 2. Philip Kotler, Philip.; Kevin Lane Keller (2006). Marketing Management, 12th ed.:).Pearson Prentice Hall 3. Clancy, Kevin J.; Peter C. Kriegafsd (2000). Counter intuitive Marketing. The Free Press 4. Porter, Michael (1998). Competitive Strategy (revised ed.). The Free Press. 5. Kotler, Philip.; Kevin Lane Keller (2006). Marketing Management, 12th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall 6. Ries, Al; Jack Trout (2000). Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (20th anniversary ed.) 7. Porter, Michael (1998). Competitive Advantage (revised ed.). The Free Press

How Internet Advertising Affects the Customer Essay

The World Wide Web has emerged to be one of the greatest revolutions to business advertising and other forms of advertisements. Internet advertising is the use of the Internet on the global basis to promote and market products, brands, services, business groups or even announcements through the communication with customers online. Businessmen focused on making higher profits have put a little more emphasis on the Internet advertising and this is due to the fact that many people are accessing the Internet for their business needs (Wasiak, 2010). Electronic commerce enabled by the Internet allows business transaction to be done online. Many products are sold online through the Internet and this is because of the massive advertisement that is done on the Internet. Advertisement is one of the most crucial processes in the marketing of a product or service. It serves as a tool for making decisions on what good or service is of good quality to the consumer and the households. Some times back, advertisement was done through mass media, bill boards and use of other communication media like the television and the radio (Sheumaker & Wajda, 2009, p. 14). Most people used the magazines to get information as it was what they could afford and most customers could read the new brand products in the market through the advertisements that were being done at the magazines (Clemons, 2009). This paper explores the merits and demerits in Internet advertising as it applies to the customers and seeks to provide recommendations and suggestions for further research. How Internet Advertising Affects the Customer Introduction The modern world of information age has seen the Internet as one of the widely used forms of communication. The Internet has also modeled trusteeship among large numbers of people even those from different continents. Today, businesses can now be transacted through the Internet with much ease and fast speed. In the present world, almost three quarters of the entire world population can access the Internet. This has made Internet advertisement to become common and has benefited sellers to sell their goods and services online. Internet advertising has brought significant impacts to the consumers. It has affected the customers both positively and negatively in several ways. Of specific importance, it should be understood that Internet advertisement has really pushed the financial markets of specific nations to a higher notch and thus leading to the growth of the economy (Clemons, 2009). One of the advantages of Internet advertising to the customers is the fact that it reaches a larger audience than any other form of advertisement. Majority of individuals, particularly the customers are at the peak of Internet use to find the best goods of the best quality to purchase. As advertisements reach a large number of customers, these same customers can share the information on a certain product discovering more about the benefits or the dangers of a given product. As Wasiak puts it, â€Å"Social media has changed the way people interact amongst themselves and with their media† (Wasiak, 2010). This is common among pharmaceutical products where Internet advertisements have provided a slot for patients’ forums. This is also beneficial to product makers as they realize privileges when a large number of customers from all parts of the world are able to have a look at their product type and makes purchases. Internet advertising is perhaps the most cost effective for producers and sellers. Since Internet tools used for advertisements are increasingly getting cheaper, customers can get access to information on a variety of products from different companies and make comparisons. Internet advertisements are usually done through many ways. A website can be created about a specific company and the goods and services that it offers can be listed on that website. The producers can also program pop-up windows that are programmed to pop up whenever specific websites are opened. At the same time, Internet advertising can be done by sending customers messages to their mail boxes telling them about the benefits or the quality of a new brand of good in the market (Wasiak, 2010). While messages and the pop-ups may irritate the users of the Internet, they mean so much to willing and interested customers to have a keen look at the product or service being advertised. A good businessman is one who uses the least cost possible in the production of his goods and services. Advertisement falls under the channel of production and Internet advertising is one of the least cost effective methods of advertising. The use of other forms of advertisement like the televisions and other media has become too expensive for a rational producer and more so, it reaches only local customers. The cheapness of Internet advertising has made it to be very popular among many people in the whole world (Clemons, 2009). With the Internet advertising, many companies and producers are able to establish various statistics that can be of help to the improvement of their services and quality of the goods. This implies that all the features of the Internet advertising can be traced by the people placing those advertisements on the Internet. These features can be tested and measured and consumers or consumers can find enough data for analysis in order to establish critical information about the companies they are trading with. Some websites allow consumers of a certain product fill a form of client satisfaction and this greatly improves on product quality improvement. The improvement of the quality of products is of direct benefits to the consumers or customers (Wasiak, 2010). Customers are able to access information on the number of people purchasing a particular product, the negative responses about particular goods and services, the recommendations posted on the websites by customers and many more. This data or statistics is very necessary not only to the producers or the advertisers but also the customers. Internet advertising helps to improve the standards of advertisement as information about a particular product is available and the customer can find more about the product with just a few mouse clicks. Unlike in bill board advertisement where customers can see a new brand of a product being advertised and plan to check the details later, Internet advertising is all about a click of a mouse and everything will be at the eyes of the customer(Clemons, 2009). While Internet advertising offers significant benefits to the customers, it has the capacities to ruin the tastes and preferences of customers. Although the advantages of Internet advertising overweigh the disadvantages, specific limitations of advertising through the Internet have to be appreciated as well. For instance, the customers suffer a lot of mind torture trying to create the real picture of the goods being advertised on the Internet. An eligible customer would want to touch, feel and even taste the good before deciding to go for it in the market. This is one capacity the Internet advertising is lacking which is very vital in the convincing the mind of the customer to buy the good. This however does not really affect the sales and purchases of goods and services that are advertised on the Internet. A customer builds trust of a website and trusts whatever he or she is being told about the good or service. The choice is still for the customer to decide whether he will buy the product or not (Wasiak, 2010). During the age of the radio and television advertisements, the marketing function gained a lot of popularity (Sheumaker & Wajda, 2009, p. 114). There have been many questions as whether the Internet advertising will have a big impact on the marketing of goods and services as the radio and television advertisement did. Many people still have doubts whether Internet advertising would ever be as popular as radio and television. Perhaps it may never bring a greater impact on the customers as radio and television advertisements have done. This observation can be justified while thinking on the basis of a developing world where Internet access is still a challenge. It should be well understood that Internet access among customers is key for successful marketing. Without Internet connection, the customers will not get critical information about a particular product the customers on the choice of good to buy (Sheumaker & Wajda, 2009, p. 114). Another effect the Internet advertisements have had on the customer is that they have been so successful in the persuasion of a customer to make a first instance purchase of a good or a service. It is so clear that a consumer can opt to buy a good or even a service at the first instance he or she sees the advert on the website. This is so unlike for the bill board advertisements and other forms of advertisements. The customer can see an advert of a commodity on a bill board advert, and decide to come back for the details later. But for the Internet advertising, the customer can choose to buy the product on the first instance he or she sees the advert on the Internet (Sheumaker & Wajda, 2009, p. 116). The problem is whether the customer will come back to another time for the second time to purchase more products. Retention of a customer is one of the motives of a producer or anyone advertising a specific product. It can be difficult for one to retain a customer online, but if, the customer decides to come back or not to (Clemons, 2009). Spending time online is another effect of Internet advertising to a customer. For a loyal customer, he or she must spend most of her entire life on the Internet trying to see and compare the brand types and prices of different goods and services in order to pick the good or service with the best quality at the least cost possible. This is one effect of the Internet advertising that most customers have grown to live with. Spending most time on the Internet has its own disadvantage to the lives of the customers. It really deprives them of time to do other things or activities of their lives. This means that even some very important schedules have to be ignored and one to concentrate on other important matters. A customer is to pick the best alternative, whether to be at the Internet and try to see whatever is being advertised or attend to other social matters. Statistics show that a customer spends 5. 3 percent of his entire life on the Internet (Sheumaker & Wajda, 2009, p. 118). This is not healthy for a normal individual. Internet advertising has made work very easy for many customers and clients in getting very essential services like the booking of flights and even the booking of hotels and lodges. With the Internet advertising, a tourist in America can now book his flight in the house, book his hotel lodge in Africa in his house. This is so unlike what used to happen long time ago when Internet advertising did not exist. Had the Internet advertising not been there, tourists would be forced to reach their destination first before heading to the hotel to book for their accommodation (Wasiak, 2010). Internet advertising has made it very easy for other clients to get services done at the most convenient time possible. This has often saved a lot of time and expenses for the customer he or she could have incurred if the Internet advertising had not been there. The occurrence of Internet advertising is possible due to the fact that there are many goods that are being sold on the Internet and so many services being offered. To create an awareness of the presence of such goods and services, the producers of the sellers of such goods and services must advertise them to their online customers. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, Internet advertisements have taken the storm of all business advertising in the modern world. The contributions of Internet advertising to the customers have widely been appreciated. However, while customers online have gained extensively from the Internet advertisements, there are other negative effects that the Internet advertising has brought to them. Many companies have invested intensively in Internet business advertisements so as to reap the maximum benefits brought by the technology of Internet advertising. However, security threats emanating from malicious attackers and hackers have compromised the smooth development in Internet advertisements and purchases. In some cases, there are different personalities who personify themselves as sellers online and cheat people to rob them of their money. It is not so common but when it happens it is disastrous. Despite all these, many customers have been motivated to buy online. Women most especially who used to be very afraid of using their credit cards online today they are the most leading in number to use the Internet to buy products of their choice. Companies have therefore the responsibility of improving their sites by enhancing them with antivirus software such as McAfee to keep off attackers and make customers to buy and sell online without any fear of being robbed of their money. Generally, Internet advertising has brought a lot of impacts to the customers and the consumers in general. Despite a few cases of the disadvantages of the online advertisement, it has really helped in pushing the marketing sector into higher notches. It has really facilitated trade between continents on a greater perspective as it was never expected before and this has been due to the wider audience that receives the adverts that are being posted on the Internet. Therefore, Internet advertising can be said to have helped many customers in terms of purchases and in many other positive ways.